Talking About  :  Oracle
  Name  :  꾸미
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Oracle 내용정리

select a.*,hiredate as fieddate from emp a where 1=2;

++ IDEA ++

관계형 DB는 Join을 반드시 써야합니다
델파이를 공부하자


항상 원리를 알아야한다
백만건정도의 data로 연습해야한다

** oracle의 최대 장점이자 단점이 될 수 있는 것은
==> 비절차적 언어

공포의 외인구단
공을 잘 던질때까지 포수가 안받아주든지
일단 처음에는 열심히 타이핑을 쳐라!

관찰해보시고 결론 내보시라

@ * 근처를 봐라!!


c/dic/dis
l --> list 방금 친 명령어를 보여달라
a --> append 추가해라

++ 우리가 계속 생각해야하는 것
밑바닥을 봐야한다
이 SQL 문장이 어떻게 돌아가는지

국제공인자격증
영어발음 좋으면 좋죠 ^^


+++ SJ曰 +++
무슨말인지 모르겠어요
항상 이런 말이 붙어요
돈은 그렇게 벌어야해요
결코 필요없는데..
중요한건 결코 아닌데
중요하지 않아요
결코 안중요해요
잘 쓰이는 건 결코 아닌데
저는 이게 좀 찝찝해요
저는 이게 알고 싶어요 , 궁금해요
요거 잘 관찰해 보세요
저는 이게 무언지 모르겠어요
무슨 얘기를 하고 싶은거냐면
들여다 보겠습니다
결론부터 말씀드리면
저희가 원하는 게 있어요
제가 원하는 건 이거에요
이게 쫌 어색해요
무언지 지금은 모르겠어요
기계적으로 머리속에 박아두세요
기계적으로 다 외워두시기 바랍니다
아직은 잘 모르겠지만
아직은 잘 모르겠어요
아직은 뭔지 잘 모르겠어요
중요하지만 않지만 알아두셔야되요
기억 꼭 하셔야되요
제 얘기 이해되십니까
보이십니까
여러분들이 관찰하시고 결론 내어 보세요
궁금증을 계속 가지고 계시기 바랍니다
바로 이 대목이에요
단순하지만 꼭 기억해 두셔야합니다
이해안되셔도 머리속에 박아두세요
의문점 가지고 계셔야 되요
전 이 대목이 이해가 안가요
걱정되는게 한가지 있어요
조심해야할 것이 있어요
~시간에 다시 보겠습니다
무슨소리죠?
몽땅다 알고 계셔야 하구요
외워두시구요
이름을 참 잘지었어요
이건 결코 안중요한데

전 이게 싫어요
이쪽으로 와보시겠습니까
뭐가 이상하죠
뭔가 이상한 게 없나요

요 대목 보이십니까

중요해서 보는 것이 아니라
책에 있길래 보는 거에요

여기까지 깊게 볼 필요없는데
있길래 보겠습니다

졸릴때) 무슨소리 하는거야

ex)bible책 , 2% 복숭아 담궜다 빼기




\\\\ 첫째날 \\\\

@ DB 공부 흐름
1 단계
①SQL
②PL/SQL
2 단계
③ADMIN - **(별표 만개)ARCH  --> 이때 oracle이 application처럼 보인다
        - ADMIN
3 단계
④Backup & Recovery
⑤Net-ADMIN
⑥Turning   --> 이때는 oracle이 set 처럼 보일 것이다


## hw) RDB vs RDBMS

- R : relataional --> 관계형
- EF codd -> 래리엘리슨 (7.3 후부터 떴다!)
- 8.x ORDBMS + 대용량 data
- 8i JVM + object  (래리엘리슨 : 요트,파티,제트비행기,성격이 빌게이츠처럼 더러움)
- 9i XML + clustering


@ ERP vs DB behind stroy
ERP (SAP) (독일) <--- DB (oracle)
orcle ERP<포철>  , IBM DB2
  
* 개체내 관계 (형상화)==> Table (object)
* 개체간 관계 (가능可)==> Joing (operation)

%% 함수 , Join 을 하면 왜 느린가?

======================  @ 개발 life - cycle   ======================

요구사항 수집
    ▼
요구사항 분석
    ▼
   설계
    ▼
   개발
    ▼
Test & Debugging

====================================================================

@ SQL은 무엇인가?
sql*plus (SQL) ---> 9i DBMS
<---(결과)

SQL plus 는 DB가 아니라 개발 tool & 관리 tool 즉 , client다
- 우리는 이것을 능숙하게 다뤄야 할 것이에요.
- 왜 우리는 이러한 노가다를 해야하는가 그래야 아름다운 개발자이자 관리자가 되니까


@ SQL(Structured *Query Language) : 구조적 *질의어
( Query -> 핵심어!! )  

① Ansi 표준  + 알파
orcle - orcle (34.3%)

IBM - DB2 (32.xx) --> 36%

MS - Sql server 2000 (14%)

Informix - universal (5.6%)


- 4개의 회사가 전세계 80% 이상의 점유율을 가지고 있다
- SQL 표준을 채택
- oracle 100여가지 플래폼 이식 (70여가지정도라기도)

② English - Like
(영어문법과 유사해!! ,대소문자구분 안해!!)

③ 관계형 DB에 접근하는 유일한 언어

**(별표만개)④ 비절차적 언어 (Non Procedural
( 바로 이 언어가 프로그램 고수의 길로 인도할 것이다. 심오하게 받아들이자!!)

- SQL의 이해도
  명령어 -> application program -> set(집합)

⑤ category
DDL (Data Definition Language) : 데이타 정의어
- Create : 생성
- Drop   : 삭제
- Alter  :

DCL (Data Control Language)
- Grant  : 권한 부여
- Revoke : 권한 회수

↑ DBA 들이 보통 이용하는 거
=============================================
↓ 개발자 들이 보통 이용하는 거

TCL (**<별표>Transaction<거래> Control Language)
- Commit : 저지르다 (카드를 긋다)
- Rollback : 취소
- Savepoint : 저장점

△ : 각진출판사 -> 우리나라 IT 산업을 저해하는 출판사
○ : 일본에다가 만들어야할 출판사
☆ : 미국에다가 만들어야할 출판사


Query - Select (조회)

DML(Data Manipulation Language:조작어)
- Insert (삽입)
- Delete (삭제)
- Update (수정)

@ PL/SQL : SQL +<확장> PL (Procedural Language : 절차적 언어)
SQL*PLUS : tool 개발 & 관리 (* 우리가 만든 제품이다)

@ table (data를 담는 그릇)
- 개체(entity)내의 관계
- table : 가로 (row:record) 와 세로(column:attribute) 이루어져 있는 2차원 네모 박스
- select : select ____(select list) from  where

===========  장석주 강사가 DB를 잘하게 된 동기 =========

보라매 공원 --> 2천만건 있는 전화번호
select * from CMRMxxx

하나의 문장이 전체에 미치는 영향력을 실감했음과 동시에
DBA의 뿌사리에 발끈하여 DB 공부를 열불나게 하게 되었다

ex) 짱깨집 과 오토바이맨들


======== 누가 계산(가공처리)를 하는가? client 냐? server 냐?  

1. select ename,sal from emp

2. select ename,sal*12 from emp


======================= 실습 =======================


@ SQL 예시

SQL> Desc emp
SQL> describe emp
SQL> DESCRIBE EMP

# 여기서 알아둘 것
- 대소문자 구분이 없다

***************************************
*****         SELECT              *****
***************************************

SQL> select * from emp;
SQL> select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm,deptno from emp;

#######
- 두번째 식이 의미가 명확하기때문에 속도가 더 빠르다
#######

SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp;
SQL> select empno,ename,sal,empno,empno,empno,8 from emp;

EMPNO ENAME             SAL      EMPNO      EMPNO      EMPNO          8
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH             800       7369       7369       7369          8
7499 ALLEN            1600       7499       7499       7499          8
7521 WARD             1250       7521       7521       7521          8
7566 JONES            2975       7566       7566       7566          8
7654 MARTIN           1250       7654       7654       7654          8
7698 BLAKE            2850       7698       7698       7698          8
7782 CLARK            2450       7782       7782       7782          8
7788 SCOTT            3000       7788       7788       7788          8
7839 KING             5000       7839       7839       7839          8
7844 TURNER           1500       7844       7844       7844          8
7876 ADAMS            1100       7876       7876       7876          8
7900 JAMES             950       7900       7900       7900          8
7902 FORD             3000       7902       7902       7902          8
7934 MILLER           1300       7934       7934       7934          8

#######
- 보고싶은 순서대로 select list 에 넣을 수 있다
- 반복해서 컬럼명을 넣어도 된다
- 숫자를 넣어 컬럼을 만들 수 있다
#######

SQL> select * from emp where deptno = 10;
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where deptno = 10 and sal > 2000;
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where deptno = 10 or sal > 2000;

#######
- 조건을 줄때에는 where 을 쓴다
- and 와 or 는 전혀 다르며 or 는 쓰지마라
#######


SQL> select ename,sal+200 bonus,sal*12 as annual_sal,comm, comm+300 "Special Bonus" from emp;

ENAME           BONUS ANNUAL_SAL       COMM Special Bonus
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------
SMITH            1000       9600
ALLEN            1800      19200        300           600
WARD             1450      15000        500           800
JONES            3175      35700
MARTIN           1450      15000       1400          1700
BLAKE            3050      34200
CLARK            2650      29400
SCOTT            3200      36000
KING             5200      60000
TURNER           1700      18000          0           300
ADAMS            1300      13200
JAMES            1150      11400
FORD             3200      36000
MILLER           1500      15600

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.

####### 여기서 알아둘것
1 Alias 는 어떻게 만들 수 있나 ? 3가지
① 공백
② as
③ " ~ "

2 Null 때문에 발생하는 문제
- null 처리 된 자들은 계산이 안된다


%% hw) NULL



\\\\ 둘째날 \\\\

*************************************
*****       합성연산자          *****
*************************************

SQL> select ename,job from emp;

ENAME      JOB
---------- ---------
SMITH      CLERK
ALLEN      SALESMAN
WARD       SALESMAN
JONES      MANAGER
MARTIN     SALESMAN
BLAKE      MANAGER
CLARK      MANAGER
SCOTT      ANALYST
KING       PRESIDENT
TURNER     SALESMAN
ADAMS      CLERK
JAMES      CLERK
FORD       ANALYST
MILLER     CLERK

SQL> select ename||job from emp;

ENAME||JOB
-----------------
SMITHCLERK
ALLENSALESMAN
WARDSALESMAN
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
SCOTTANALYST
KINGPRESIDENT
TURNERSALESMAN
ADAMSCLERK
JAMESCLERK
FORDANALYST
MILLERCLERK


SQL> select ename ||' ''s job is '||job from emp;
SQL> select ename ||' ''s job is '||job as job_list from emp;
SQL> select rpad(ename,10,' ')||' ''s job is '||lpad(job,9,' ') as job_list from emp;


#######
- 문자,날짜 Data : ex) '123','ABC','03/06/11'  (but 날짜는 표리부동)
- 숫자는 오른쪽 정렬 , 문자는 왼쪽 정렬
- 숫자 Data : ex) 123
- '' 는 data ' 를 표시한다
- rpad (right에 붙여라) lpad (left에 붙여라) 즉 정렬방식
- '[]' --> 공백문자다
- rapd(ename,10,' ')  --> ename 의 컬럼을 10칸에 맞춰라 그리고 나머지는 오른쪽에 ' ' 공백문자를 채워라
#######

SQL> Select empno,ename,hiredate from emp;        

#######
- Data type 숫자,문자,날짜
#######


SQL> select ename,sal,sal*100,sal||'00',sal||'00' - 200 from emp;

SQL> select ename,sal,sal*100,lpad(sal||'00',10,' ') as SAL100,sal||'00' - 200 from emp;


ENAME             SAL    SAL*100 SAL||'00'                                  SAL||'00'-200
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------
SMITH             800      80000 80000                                              79800
ALLEN            1600     160000 160000                                            159800
WARD             1250     125000 125000                                            124800
JONES            2975     297500 297500                                            297300
MARTIN           1250     125000 125000                                            124800
BLAKE            2850     285000 285000                                            284800
CLARK            2450     245000 245000                                            244800
SCOTT            3000     300000 300000                                            299800
KING             5000     500000 500000                                            499800
TURNER           1500     150000 150000                                            149800
ADAMS            1100     110000 110000                                            109800
JAMES             950      95000 95000                                              94800
FORD             3000     300000 300000                                            299800
MILLER           1300     130000 130000                                            129800


#######
- sal*100 와 sal||'00' (문자 + 숫자)는 어떻게 다른가
- sal||'00' - 200 계산은 가능한가
- '' 이렇게 싱글 쿼테션을 연속으로 찍으면 null로 처리

@ 합성연산자
- 문자와 문자를 합성
- sal||'00' 와 같이 문자와 숫자를 합성할 때 숫자를 문자로 바꾼다
이것을 우리는 Data Type Conversion 이라고 한다



- sal||'00' - 200  (숫자 + 문자 + 숫자) => (문자 ) + 숫자 => 숫자

#######


SQL> select ename,sal,sal||'00',to_char(sal)||'00' from emp;

ENAME             SAL SAL||'00'                                  TO_CHAR(SAL)||'00'
---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -----------------------
SMITH             800 80000                                      80000
ALLEN            1600 160000                                     160000
WARD             1250 125000                                     125000
JONES            2975 297500                                     297500
MARTIN           1250 125000                                     125000
BLAKE            2850 285000                                     285000
CLARK            2450 245000                                     245000
SCOTT            3000 300000                                     300000
KING             5000 500000                                     500000
TURNER           1500 150000                                     150000
ADAMS            1100 110000                                     110000
JAMES             950 95000                                      95000
FORD             3000 300000                                     300000
MILLER           1300 130000                                     130000

#######
- sal||'00' 와 to_char(sal)||'00' 어떻게 다른가

@ Data Type Conversion
- Explicit(명시적,수동으로) Conversion
ex) to_Char(sal)||'00'

- Implicit(암시적,자동으로) Conversion
ex) sal||'00'

*** 명시적 conversion 이 좋은 이유 3가지
1. SQL code 의 명료성 (可讀性이 좋다,유지보수의 편이성)
2. SQL code 의 안전성 (현재의 함수가 차후에
3. 속도 향상 (명령어 level에서 이해할 때 장점)


#######
잠깐!!
#######

기업 soft 상위업체
1. SAP
2. oracle
3. people soft

soft 업체
1. M$
2. oracle


*************************************
*****         NULL              *****
*************************************

사전적 의미 : 할당되지 않은 ~ , 알려지지 않은, 존재하지 않는
--> Data가 존재하지 않는 (DB) -> 공백문자 도 아니고 0 도 아니다

1. 연산불가 : 300 + NULL = NULL
2. 비교불가 : IS NULL, IS Not NULL
3. 적용불가 : 함수안에 null 들어갈 수 없다

null과 관련된 연산은 모두 null 이지 error 가 나는 것은 아니다


NULL ???

SQL> Desc dual
SQL> select * from dual;
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SQL> select 143475*127363,to_char(143475*127363,'999,999,999,999') from dual;

SQL> select 300 + 400,300/0  from dual;
SQL> select 300+ 400,300 + NULL,300/NULL from dual;

########
- 0 으로 나누면 안되며 null 은 연산이 안된다
########


SQL> select ename,sal,comm,comm + sal*0.3 as bonus from emp;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm,nvl(comm,0) + sal*0.3 as bonus from emp;

########
@@ nvl 함수 (NULL value)
- NVL(comm,0)  -> (동료를 위한 프로그래머로 )
if comm IS NULL then Return 0;
else Return comm;
endif;

SQL> select ename,comm,nvl(comm,-999) from emp;

ENAME            COMM NVL(COMM,-999)
---------- ---------- --------------
SMITH                           -999
ALLEN             300            300
WARD              500            500
JONES                           -999
MARTIN           1400           1400
BLAKE                           -999
CLARK                           -999
SCOTT                           -999
KING                            -999
TURNER              0              0
ADAMS                           -999
JAMES                           -999
FORD                            -999
MILLER                          -999

########


SQL> select empno,sal,comm from emp;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where sal > 1000;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm > -1;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm = null;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm <> null;

########
- null 은 비교할 수 없다
########


SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null;
SQL> select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null;

########
- null 은 is null 과 is no null 로 비교를 한다
########

SQL> select ename,length(ename),comm,length(comm) from emp;

########
- null 은 길이도 없다
- null 적용 불가함을 알려주는 예제
########


SQL> select sal - empno , abs(sal-empno),abs(sal-comm)+100 from emp;

SAL-EMPNO ABS(SAL-EMPNO) ABS(SAL-COMM)+100
--------- -------------- -----------------
    -6569           6569
    -5899           5899              1400
    -6271           6271               850
    -4591           4591
    -6404           6404               250
    -4848           4848
    -5332           5332
    -4788           4788
    -2839           2839
    -6344           6344              1600
    -6776           6776
    -6950           6950
    -4902           4902
    -6634           6634

#########
- abs 함수 절대값으로
- 역시 null 이면 계산 안해
#########
select concat(ename||' is ',comm),nvl(comm,-1),decode(comm,null,-999,comm) from emp;

엄청난 null 값에 개기는 함수들이 있다
decode!!
상당히 매력적이고 막강한 함수!!


####
잠깐!!
####

친구가 군수물자
3~4억 ERP회사에서 델파이로 만든 프로그램
데이타가 달라 . DB에서는 Data 오류는 치명적



%% hw)
- DUAL table 필요성,이유?
- decode 예제,설명

*************************************
*****        DISTINCT           *****
*************************************

@ DISTINCT : 중복을 피하자 ,걸러내는 것 , 필터링

SQL> select job from emp;

JOB
---------
CLERK
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
MANAGER
SALESMAN
MANAGER
MANAGER
ANALYST
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
CLERK
CLERK
ANALYST
CLERK

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.

SQL> select distinct job from emp;

JOB
---------
ANALYST
CLERK
MANAGER
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN

%% 왜 distinct 가 정렬되어 있는가?
## 원리와 처리과정이 나는 궁금합니다
## 원리는 order by 다
## 이와 비슷한 기능의 함수들이 많다

SQL> select distinct job,deptno from emp;

JOB           DEPTNO
--------- ----------
ANALYST           20
CLERK             10
CLERK             20
CLERK             30
MANAGER           10
MANAGER           20
MANAGER           30
PRESIDENT         10
SALESMAN          30

########
- distinct 의 조합이 유일하다
- distinct 가 미치는 범위는 select list의 칼럼에 적용이 된다
########

SQL> select JOB from emp order by job;

JOB
---------
ANALYST
ANALYST
CLERK
CLERK
CLERK
CLERK
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN

SQL> select distinct job, distinct deptno from emp;
SQL> select job,distinct deptno from emp;

########

@ error 난 이유
- distict 에 미치는 범위
- level 이 맞지 않으면 error (select [distinct] ~  문법적으로 박았다!)

########

%% hw) select 문장의 문법 과 원리


*************************************
*****        ORDER BY           *****
*************************************

order by => sort

ASC (오름차순)  작은 것부터-> 큰 것으로  ** default
DESC (내림차순)

ex> 영업실적,군대,학생 성적

%% 데이타는 어떻게 보여지는가
꼭 내가 넣은 순서대로 보여지는 것이 아니다

ex) 호텔 투숙객 --> 꼭 순서가 아니라 빈방에 넣는다


SQL> select job,ename,sal from emp;

JOB       ENAME             SAL
--------- ---------- ----------
CLERK     SMITH             800
SALESMAN  ALLEN            1600
SALESMAN  WARD             1250
MANAGER   JONES            2975
SALESMAN  MARTIN           1250
MANAGER   BLAKE            2850
MANAGER   CLARK            2450
ANALYST   SCOTT            3000
PRESIDENT KING             5000
SALESMAN  TURNER           1500
CLERK     ADAMS            1100
CLERK     JAMES             950
ANALYST   FORD             3000
CLERK     MILLER           1300

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.

SQL> select job,ename,sal,hiredate from emp order by ename;

JOB       ENAME             SAL HIREDATE
--------- ---------- ---------- --------
CLERK     ADAMS            1100 87/05/23
SALESMAN  ALLEN            1600 81/02/20
MANAGER   BLAKE            2850 81/05/01
MANAGER   CLARK            2450 81/06/09
ANALYST   FORD             3000 81/12/03
CLERK     JAMES             950 81/12/03
MANAGER   JONES            2975 81/04/02
PRESIDENT KING             5000 81/11/17
SALESMAN  MARTIN           1250 81/09/28
CLERK     MILLER           1300 82/01/23
ANALYST   SCOTT            3000 87/04/19
CLERK     SMITH             800 80/12/17
SALESMAN  TURNER           1500 81/09/08
SALESMAN  WARD             1250 81/02/22

SQL> select ename,hiredate from emp order by ename asc;

ENAME      HIREDATE
---------- --------
ADAMS      87/05/23
ALLEN      81/02/20
BLAKE      81/05/01
CLARK      81/06/09
FORD       81/12/03
JAMES      81/12/03
JONES      81/04/02
KING       81/11/17
MARTIN     81/09/28
MILLER     82/01/23
SCOTT      87/04/19
SMITH      80/12/17
TURNER     81/09/08
WARD       81/02/22

SQL> select ename,hiredate from emp order by ename desc;

ENAME      HIREDATE
---------- --------
WARD       81/02/22
TURNER     81/09/08
SMITH      80/12/17
SCOTT      87/04/19
MILLER     82/01/23
MARTIN     81/09/28
KING       81/11/17
JONES      81/04/02
JAMES      81/12/03
FORD       81/12/03
CLARK      81/06/09
BLAKE      81/05/01
ALLEN      81/02/20
ADAMS      87/05/23

@@ order by 4가지 표현!!

SQL> select ename,sal,hiredate from emp order by ename;
SQL> select ename,sal,hiredate from emp order by 2;
SQL> select ename,sal*12 as annual_sal from emp order by annual_sal;
SQL> select empno,ename,comm,job from emp order by comm * 12;


SQL> select ename,sal,hiredate from emp order by 2;

ENAME             SAL HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------
SMITH             800 80/12/17
JAMES             950 81/12/03
ADAMS            1100 87/05/23
WARD             1250 81/02/22
MARTIN           1250 81/09/28
MILLER           1300 82/01/23
TURNER           1500 81/09/08
ALLEN            1600 81/02/20
CLARK            2450 81/06/09
BLAKE            2850 81/05/01
JONES            2975 81/04/02
SCOTT            3000 87/04/19
FORD             3000 81/12/03
KING             5000 81/11/17

SQL> select ename,sal*12 as annual_sal from emp order by annual_sal;

ENAME      ANNUAL_SAL
---------- ----------
SMITH            9600
JAMES           11400
ADAMS           13200
WARD            15000
MARTIN          15000
MILLER          15600
TURNER          18000
ALLEN           19200
CLARK           29400
BLAKE           34200
JONES           35700
SCOTT           36000
FORD            36000
KING            60000

SQL> select empno,ename,comm,job from emp order by comm * 12;

     EMPNO ENAME            COMM JOB
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
      7844 TURNER              0 SALESMAN
      7499 ALLEN             300 SALESMAN
      7521 WARD              500 SALESMAN
      7654 MARTIN           1400 SALESMAN
      7369 SMITH                 CLERK
      7566 JONES                 MANAGER
      7900 JAMES                 CLERK
      7934 MILLER                CLERK
      7902 FORD                  ANALYST
      7876 ADAMS                 CLERK
      7698 BLAKE                 MANAGER
      7782 CLARK                 MANAGER
      7788 SCOTT                 ANALYST
      7839 KING                  PRESIDENT

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.


## 잠깐!!
인도애들 프로그램 잘해
근데 모은행 A4 네장
##

## 잠깐!!
C언어의 음모론
어렵게 어렵게 짜자
그래서 프로그래머들의 전유물로 하자
##

SQL> select empno,comm,ename from emp order by comm asc;
SQL> select empno,comm,ename from emp order by comm desc;


SQL> select job,deptno,ename from emp order by job,deptno;
SQL> select job,deptno,ename from emp order by job,deptno desc;

JOB           DEPTNO ENAME
--------- ---------- ----------
ANALYST           20 SCOTT
ANALYST           20 FORD
CLERK             10 MILLER
CLERK             20 SMITH
CLERK             20 ADAMS
CLERK             30 JAMES
MANAGER           10 CLARK
MANAGER           20 JONES
MANAGER           30 BLAKE
PRESIDENT         10 KING
SALESMAN          30 ALLEN
SALESMAN          30 MARTIN
SALESMAN          30 TURNER
SALESMAN          30 WARD

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다

&& 이상한점
- 정렬된후 다른 row 들은 어떤 순서로 정렬이 되는가

** hint  ==>  rowid

===============

\\\\ 셋째날 \\\\

@@ DUAL table ~ dummy table
dummy (껍데기,허수아비)
일을 시키고 싶은데 select 형식에 맞춰서해줘야니까 dual 을 이용해

SQL> select sysdate from daul;

* 처리과정
+++++++++++++             +++++++++++++
| ----------  |           | ----------  |
|   SQL*plus  |  ----->   |  ↑Oracle↓ |
| ----------  |           | ---------   |
|    O/S      |  <-----   |  ↑ O/S  ↓ |
| ----------  |           | ----------  |
|    H/W      |           |  ↑ H/W  ↓ |
| ----------  |           | ----------  |
+++++++++++++             +++++++++++++
    Client                       server

* sysdate : 날짜 + 시간 (system date)

* 시간을 알 수 있는 방법
1. server에 요청하는 방법 (기준시간이 된다)
2. 자기 시간을 자기에게 요청하는 방법 (빠르다)

&& 셋의 차이는 무엇인가

1 select sysdate from daul;
2 select sysdate from emp where rownum <2
3 select distinct sysdate from emp;

말할 수 있는기능
전화걸수 있는기능
개발자의 핸드폰 번호 식별하는 기능

'야 너 배추장사해!!'

++ 결과는 같아요 (택시타고 도착지는 같아 but 요금이 달라)
효율적으로 뽑아내느냐 비효율적으로 뽑아내느냐
사례를 외는 것이 아니라 원리를 이해하고 기억하자!!

결과를 내는 것은 기본이에요
우리는 이 결과를 내기까지 DB가 어떻게 일을 했을까
실행하는 방법에 따라

%% rownum 구체적,예제 포함해서 잘 알아옵시다

@@ distinct

1. Sort
2. full table scan

* distinct가 비효율적인 이유

SQL> select sysdate from emp;

SYSDATE
--------
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12
03/06/12

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.

SQL> select job from emp order by job

JOB
---------
ANALYST
ANALYST
CLERK
CLERK
CLERK
CLERK
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN

14 개의 행이 선택되었습니다.

- 이럴때에 같은 14개의 data를 정렬한 후 제거 하기에 시간이 많이 걸린다


%% distinc외에 중복을 피하는 연산을 찾아라
① union
② union all
③ MINUS
④ INtersect

의미,예제,distinct 와의 관계

####
잠깐!!
####
나모 좋았다 망했어
먹튀를 생각했던 때가 있었네요
새롬의 좋은 책상  1800억 (정부 + 재벌)
이야기(골드뱅크)는 정말 엔진니어
10년전 두고보자
네트워크 산증인 40대 , J -> 충언해줘야
비트 14기
이화식 사장, 조광윤 이사(아직도 공부, 하루에 몇시간 오라클 공부)

%% 보너스 계산
10번 부서 : 급여의 25.5%
20번 부서 : 급여의 10% + comm
기타 : comm 의 50%

dollar --> won(원)  : 환율(1285원)
천원단위로 보너스를 지급하라!!

select deptno,job,ename,sal,
               to_char(
                       round(
                             decode(
                                    deptno,10,(sal*0.255)*1285,
                                           20,(sal*0.1+nvl(comm,0))*1285,
                                           (nvl(comm,0)*0.5)*1285),-3),
                                          '999,999,999')||'원'
as BONUS from emp order by deptno asc , BONUS desc
/

!! o와 0과 헷깔리지 말아라

- view : 부서번호,직업,이름,급여,보너스
- 정렬순서 : 부서별,고액보너스별
- decode를 응용을 해서 select 문장을 만들어봐요


*************************************
*****       TOP-N,BOTTOM-M      *****
*************************************

각 회사 사장들은 최상위 data 나 최하위 data 에 관심이 많아요

우수고객 선정 프로그램 -->



select * from emp where rownum = 5;
select * from emp where rownum > 5;

select * from emp where rownum <5;
select * from emp where rownum <=5;

SQL>
     EMPNO ENAME             SAL
---------- ---------- ----------
      7369 SMITH             800
      7900 JAMES             950
      7876 ADAMS            1100
      7521 WARD             1250
SQL> select * from ( select empno,ename,sal
  2  from emp
  3  order by sal desc)
  4  where rownum <5;

     EMPNO ENAME             SAL
---------- ---------- ----------
      7839 KING             5000
      7788 SCOTT            3000
      7902 FORD             3000
      7566 JONES            2975


- 보기 편하게 잘 잘라서 쓰세요
* subquery 를 잘써야 해야함(고급 SQL과정 ,advanced SQL 과정)

@ SQL 연산자
- Between ~ 범위 연산자
- IN,Any,ALL ~ List 연산자
- Like ~ 패턴 대칭 연산자

***********************************
*****       BETWEEN           *****
***********************************

비교하는 data type 이 같아야 한다
between은 사기다!
왜 만들어냐구?
미국놈들이 보기 편하니까

SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal between 1000 and 2000;
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal >= 1000 and sal < = 2000;

SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate,sal from emp where sal between 2000 and 1000;

선택된 레코드가 없습니다.  
- A between B and C   (A>=B and A<=C)
- B 는 lower bound (하한값)   , upper bound (상한값)

SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate,sal from emp where ename between 'C' and 'KING';
SQL> select empno,hiredate,sal from emp where hiredate between '81/02/20' and '82/12/09';
(날짜와 비슷한 숫자, data type 다른면 암시적 conversion  문자--> 날짜)

SQL> select ename,hiredate from emp
where hiredate between to_date('81/02/20','yy/mm/dd') and to_date('82/12/09','yy/mm/dd');

cf) 날짜
- 크다 작다 (20020315  >  19990916)



***********************************
*****          IN             *****
***********************************

select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where empno in(7369,7521,7654);
select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where empno = 7369 or empno=7521 or empno=7654;
select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where job in('clerk','manager');   --- 문자

선택된 레코드가 없습니다.

--> select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where job in('CLERK','MANAGER');

@ 대소문자 구분
- 명령어(X)
+ SQL : select or SELECT
+ PLSQL :
==================================
+ SQL*PLUS : DESC or describe  (축약이 가능하다)

- 데이타(O)




***********************************
*****         ANY,ALL         *****
***********************************

select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where sal > (1000,2000,3000);   --> error
select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where sal > any (1000,2000,3000);
select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where sal > all (1000,2000,3000);

select empno,ename,sal,job from emp where sal in (1000,2000,3000);


any -->  or 로 바뀐다고 생각하자
비교연산자 옆에는 숫자 하나만 표현되어야만한다


**********************************
*****         like           *****
**********************************

ex) 터미네이터가 죽일 명단 스물몇명 데이타 뽑기, 서울사는 김서방

LIKE ~ <<문자>> 패턴 매칭 연산자
- % : 0개이상의 모든 문자
- _ : 1개의 모든문자,위치가 의미를 가진다

select * from emp where ename like 'A%';
select * from emp where ename like '_A%';
select * from emp where ename like '__A%';
select * from emp where ename like '%L%E%';
select * from emp where ename like '%LE%';
select * from emp where ename like '%A%';
select * from emp where hiredate like '81%';
select * from emp where sal like 2%;   --> error like 는 문자가 와야합니다
select * from emp where sal like '2%';    --> 숫자와 문자 비교?
select * from emp where ename like '%k\_orea%' escape '\';

* \ 뒤에는 문자로 인식해라!


**********************************
*****      AND , OR          *****
**********************************

문제) where A or B and C
B 와 C 먼저 연산  BUT 괄호로 구분하여 주는 것이 좋은 방식

OR << AND  -> Turning 시간에 배워보자

* optimizer
(△에서 曰 희망기) --> 최적화기

- optimizer는 or 보다 and를 좋아해
왜냐하면 or 는 계속 보태져서 DB에 부하를 줘 and 는 DB 양을 줄여줘



ex)왕건의 책사 -> 어떻게 하면 왕의 명령을 가장 효율적으로

select ename,job,sal from emp where sal > 1000;
select ename,job,sal from emp where job = 'CLERK';

select ename,job,sal from emp where sal > 2000 or job = 'CLERK';
select ename,job,sal from emp where job = 'CLERK' and sal > 1000;

select * from emp where sal > 1000 or job = 'CLERK' and deptno >= 20 ;

select * from emp where sal > 2000 or (job = 'CLERK' and deptno >= 20);
select * from emp where (sal > 2000 or job = 'CLERK') and deptno >= 20;


*************************************
*****  단일행 함수 개요 TEST    *****
*************************************

@ 함수(Function)
- oracle-defined
    == Single Row function  --> f  -->   문자함수
    |                                    숫자함수
    |                                    날짜함수
    |                                    변환함수
    |                                    기타함수
    |
    |                       -->          
    == Group Row function   --> f  -->
                            -->
- user-defined : By PL/SQL


select ename,empno,sal,comm from emp;
select ename,lower(ename),upper(lower(ename)),length(ename),
       asb(sal - empno),comm from emp;


*************************************
*****  그룹행 함수 개요 TEST    *****
*************************************

! 그룹행 함수는 전체 table의 data를 Full scan(읽다,주사하다)
! ㄱ모 은행 5억건 - 저녁에 select 하고 와도 아침에 와도 DB가 돌아가
! sort는 암시적으로 sort가 많이 이용됨을 잊지말자


select avg(sal),sum(sal),sum(comm),count(*) from emp;

## 오라클의 왕따 null 현상

select deptno,count(*),sum(sal),avg(sal) from emp
group by deptno;

cf) select deptno,sal from emp order by deptno;

select deptno,job,count(*),sum(sal),avg(sal) from emp
group by deptno,job;

########
- 조합의 순서쌍,복수개의 컬럼
########


## 잠깐!!
sony 왕따들을 모아 만든 작품 : sony 워크맨


*************************************
*****  단일행 함수 문자 함수    *****
*************************************

byte함수가 아니라 문자함수!! 전세계에다가 팔아먹기 위하여

Substr('ABCD',2,2)  --> 2번째부터 2개 BC
Substr('대한민국',2,2)

length('ABCD')     ---> 4
legnth('대한민국')  --> 4
vsize('대한민국')  ---> 8  (바이트를 입력하는 함수)

select initcap(ename),substr(ename,1,3),substr('대한민국',2,2) from emp;
select ename,length(ename),length('대한민국'),concat(ename,job),ename||job from emp;
select ename,length(ename),comm,length(comm) from emp;
select ename,concat(substr(ename,1,3),'-')||substr(ename,4) from emp;
select length('ABCD'),substr('ABCD',2,2),length('대한민국'),substr('대한민국',2,2) from dual;
select length('ABcD'),vsize('ABCD'),length('대한민국'),vsize('대한민국') from dual;

*************************************
*****  단일행 함수 숫자 함수    *****
*************************************

@
  - ROUND(반올림) -------- up
|                   |
|  <절대값연산>      --- down
|
  - TURNC(뚝딱짜르다)

  - CEIL(N) ~ N 보다 크거나 같은 정수중 최소값
|
|
  - FLOOR(N) ~ N 보다 작거나 같은 정수중 최대값

ex)
round(4 5 . 9 2 3 , 1)
       -1 0 1 2 3
            1 <-- 이것까지만 관심을 갖겠다 ==> 45.9

round(4 5 . 9 2 3 , 0)  default!!
       -1 0 1 2 3
          0 <-- 이것까지만 관심을 갖겠다 ==> 46

trunc(4 5 . 9 2 3 , 0)
       -1 0 1 2 3
          0 <-- 이거 뒷부분은 짤라버릴래 ==> 45


ceil(-45.594)  ==> -45
round(-45.594) ==> -46
round(45.594) ==> 46


SQL> select round(45.923,1),round(45.923,2),round(45.923),round(45.923,-1),round(44.923,-1)
from dual
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